Impact of Chinas One Child Policy

Impact of Chinas One Child PolicyChinas ane squirt indemnityMaleka RangwalaIntroductionIt has become common to hazard in star mindset for a period of succession sooner abruptly rethinking your out whole tone. This is known as a paradigm shift (Huntington, 1996).In recent times, democracy is a form of judicature sought for miscellaneous(prenominal) citizens.These citizens curb the power and the right, to influence decisions made about how their country go out be g all overned. It is portrayed as one of the best forms of government. But by chance democracy is non the answer towards better sparing development. That is the ineffectual possibility of the paper that authoritarian persist is effective in achieving goals and regulating discordant imbalanceswhich is based on the uprising against dictatorships in confused countries. I go out use an example of chinaw are for an authoritarian regime. An authoritarian regime is where at that place is one conventionr or small group of backsheeshers that give the real power in political systems. The citizens fork over no translator in how they are ruled. Their leaders don non give their subjects free choice. for example china has overhear this rule and experienced several(a) effects.HISTORY OF CHINAIn the second half of the twentith century community control became one of the to the highest spot important exploitation puzzles, China chose to adopt an extreme visor of conduct control known as the one-child constitution. Two of the some consequential affectionate experiments of the twentieth century were the Green Revolution which aimed at feeding the existence and family planning programs were designed to curtail its gain. thither were half a one million million million people starving or malnourished, and a billion who didnot amaze get to to proper sanitation or preparation according to world existence facts 1980. Also race increase from 1.7 billion to 3 billion in third wo rld countries during 1950-1975. (rene). China could not keep up with the rapid demand for food and fuel for the change magnitude macrocosm having 8% copious land and 20% of the world community. In the late 1970s, the chinese government had introduced conglomerate measures to reduce the countrys community return say. The nigh important measure which will be studied in spot is the one child constitution which said that couples in china could do only one child. In 1950 due to maos rule and his concept of increasing population to increase chinese workforce, the change over in the rate of population was 1.9 per cent each year. (history of the one child form _or_ system of government) The governement had been boost people to have alot of children and nearly 4 children were born per household. At the equal time, there was a food shortage that resulted in part from monoamine oxidases failed scotch-planning of the Great Leap Forward, where 30 million Chinese died of artif icial famine and fol result 1ed by a cultural revolution in 1966 direct to over a million deaths. (htt1).By 1970s the government realised that the contemporary rates of population process would soon become unstable and created the one child indemnity.In the begining malthus an economist whose system will be discussed in detail later was viewed as an enemy and his surmisal was rejected by the soviets and chinese government. But as time progressed, they realised this and started propogationg the idea of late, keen-sighted and few in 1970. By advising women to wait for a long time before having a baby and have few of them. As this change was going on a chinese scientist Song Jian took interest in the demographics and in Netherlands met Geert Jan Olsder who had recently worked on a game theory problem concerning population who saw population as an mathematical contraint problem and design there could be best growing. listening to Olsders views and armed with The Limits of gro wth a 1972 malthusian work, Song took his findings back to the leaders in china and helped in influencing them to formulate this policy. A group of prominent kindly scientists which were direct together by Deng Xiaoping who rose to power after the death of monoamine oxidase Zedong and started a four fronted modernisation in agriculture, industry, national defence and technology, created an optimum solution for the population explosion taking into account the social be and consequences. The chinese government likewise had signed an agreement with the united nations population fund in 1979 which gave 50 million to curtail population. This excessively influenced otherwise western organisations to govern their resources the likes of Ford Foundation and International think parenthood foundation. A theory which middlingifies this policy is the Lockean contractarianism which is a theory which covers the speech pattern of the collective over the individual. While the policy may se em brutish to the induvidual, when a greater picture is interpreted into account it will hit the community as a whole, then benefiting the individual in a long run where one will live a life free from starvation and malnutrition without economic problems. This communitarian ideaology was from Jean Jacques Rousseau as the individual depends on the community for self identity, production of public goods, etc. (rene)POPULATION guardEconomic reasonsFrom 1960 economic modules as well as social scientists have a great effect on policy making of various countries.Population needs to be kept in checked for various reasons. early universe the orthodox view of supply of natural resources (non re forward-lookingable) and capital universe fixed, the demand would increase and the supply would not keep up and with and with increasing population development decreases. there is another theory formulated by Coale and Hoover in which they say that the economic growth could increase if their was starting time base fertility than high fertility. Though this was later contradicted with saying that they assumed economic growth as a function of only capital growth and didnot take into account the changes in technology and labour quality with better schooling and health. (Hopkins).Social reasonsPopulation overgrowth creates social problems like cultural counterpoints. When a crabby area is overpopulated, it leads to migration. Which not only puts extort on land where people move in scarcely also open fire start civil wars. One example of resource conflict is the case of the jordan river which passes through syria jordan and west bank israel where research showed that 37 actual military conlficts occured between the Arab neighbours and Jordan over the river and its tributtes water. (environment and social ills) It also puts pressure on basic facilities like medical and school.Political reasons and othersPopulation expansion tolerate also lead to political problems like curtailment of people, providing finance for the growing population by the government and growing taxes creating pressure on the silly and increasing the income gap. (htt) like Aristotle said that a large population would down a certain poverty on the citizenry, and poverty is the cause of revolt and evil. He thought that with a population of over 100,000 people, most citizens would be excluded from having a voice in the goverment. (environment and social ills). To accomodate the growing population the green covers have been eliminated from the surface. This causes many an(prenominal) environmantal as well as mental problems like the Nature deficit disorder which is a hypothesis created by Richard louv in his book Last child in the woods (2005) which says that children return very less time outdoors and hence resulting in many bahavioural problems like care disorders and depression, diseases like myopia and even obesity. Also a few common effects seen are cost of housing, length of your convert from home to work which wastes time and energy,etc. In order to accomodate the vast population various personal freedom of people are also taken away which become necessary like limits on water consumption, electrimetropolis, bulwark on what people can do with their own land, etc. The environmental aspect also has dire need to be paid attention to as the extinction of species, habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, ozone layer depletion due to pollution, straine on oceans, etc. indeed the need to contain the population in china was a necessary step but the various aspects of implementation of the policy were not entirely ethical which will be covered below.slaying AND ASPECTS OF THE POLICYThe one child policy was established in 1979 and various benefits were offered to those who followed this rule in form of education, healthcare etc. Malthus an economist notice that population increases but at a geometric rate art object food production increases a rithematically and made a conclusion that because humans havenotall starved, economic choices must be at work, and it is the job of an economist to study those choices His theory advocated welfare reform. He also stated that recent poor laws provided an increased arrive of money for a system of welfare depending on the number of children which only encour antique the poor to give turn out to more than children and had no fear that increased number of children would make eating any more difficult. Increasing number of poor workers would reduce labour costs and lastly make the poor even poorer. thus the providing of a certain amount of money to every poor person would lead to rise in prices and value of money. Thus with increasing population supply would be dead(a) and demand and price would keep increasing. . He said that there can be many positive and barive checks in reducing population expansion which ranged from contraception to famines. chinas one child policy can be consi dered under this type of a check. Imagine if the growth rate was not checked at that time, china is already chief with the highest populated country. The chinese government showed statistics that the one child policy has prevented over 400 million births (announced in march 2013) and over the last 4 decades have aborted 336 million children, performing 196 million surgical sterilizations and inserted 403 million intrauterine devices. (history of the one child policy)THE AUTHORITARIAN RULEThough the implementation of the policy was unequeal and had several flaws. Those who had more than one child were attractived and didnot receive any benefits. There were a total of 22 exeptions where the chances of having more than one child was allowed but if on didnot fall into this category then they had to face consequences like loosing their jobs, arrogation of their belongings. There are also cases where the roofs of their houses were removes and their windows and doors walled in. There we re cases which claim that some women who were with child(predicate) were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised. In 1983, 14 million women had abortions organised by family planning committees( many of them coerced). In 2009 there were 6 million. There were cases where the rich had paid off and were able to have a second child. If the poor were not able to pay the fine and had a child then they would be forced in an abortion. the policy was more strictly enforced in the rural regions. This policy was also partially responsible for the reduction in fertility rate which fly from 2.63 births per woman in 1980 to 1.61 in 2009. (unitedexplanations) Also the traditional preference of a boy child which exists still in many places even in India caused gender imbalances. There were large number of female babies who ended up homeless or in orphanages and killed in some cases. In 2000 it was inform that 90 percent of foetuses aborted in china were females. Today men add up the women by more than 60 million with the sex ratio being 118 boys to 100 girls. The one child policy put pressure on the rural households where families desire one son, who not only assist in household and difficult task but also in a broader perspective continue the male lineage. Also there is a theory where women who suffer from some sort of discrimination will try and prevent their child to undergo the same and hence avoid girl childs, preferably of actually developing a more feminist perspective.DEMOGRAPHIC intonationOne of the major drawbacks of this policy was the acceleration of the demographic transition. The mid twentieth century saw fertility decline and prolonged life expectancy, population reproduction in china transformed from phase of high fertility, low natural growth and high mortality to the modern pattern of population growth i.e. a phase with low fertility, low natural growth and low mortality. In developed countries this process was smooth and spo ntaneous when they experienced urbanization and industrialization was completed within less than 40 days in china which usually takes a century. (Dewen) The introduction of the one child policy was affected by the suggestion of the malthusian theory and has sped up the demographic transition since 1970s. Even though the demoraphic divident can be put to high utilisation it increases development at a diminishing rate and a stage in future will result in decline development and become a demoghraphic debt causing the 4-2-1 problem. As the first generation of law enforced only children came of age for becoming parents themselves one adult child was left to provide support for his parents and grand parents. Hence called the 4-2-1 problem leaving the older generation dependent on various funds, policies and savings. But there are various economists which say that this change was fateful and would have occured at this pace without the policy also as seen in some East Asian countries like Korea, Thailand and Indonesia whose birth rates have also significantly declined average as fast as chinas with reasons being rising incomes and living standards which in turn lead to improved health services and reducing infant and child mortality. masses have a perception that having many children leads to higher income for more education and dont necessarily help in their old age. It is true these are not the factors that governed the people in china, it was the policy but even if the policy was not employ then maybe they would be following a standardised pattern.EFFECT ON SOCIAL NORMSThe one-child policy seems to have changed social norms. There are some norms which exist in the country which govern the birth process. According to a research placed in kenya there are certain barriers to family planning like how the men should be the ones to decide if they inadequacy to have a child and the females have to oblige and not protest, A family is complete when they have a child, a man is the one who earns and hence should be the one to make decisions. These were what governed the family plannings before the policy. Later the policy governed these rules. other impact of the policy was that even after deuce generations of growing up alone, people expect to have only one child. In 2003 and 2008, the citys family-planning bureaucrats (the Shanghai Municipal Population and Family Planning Commission) asked 38,000 men and women aged 20-45 about how many children they wanted. (Wilcox., 2013) They found the average ideal family size was just 1.07, with 81% of respondents saying they wanted only one child and just 15% saying they wanted a second. Thus changing the social norms too. Lewins research suggests that an individual cultural habits are more fictile to change through group discussions and decision than through an approach to an individual. Hence he says that the success of the importance of family planning was due to the higher degree of personal involeme nt than a passive recepient of information, the placement of weight behind two conflicting alternatives for or against, one displacing the other and following the norm and restricting deviation. This change could be achieved by unfreezing the old perspective and moving to the new change and freezing it there. He says that the leader need not raise the idea or authoritarian rule rather skillfully jazz the group towards the idea. This is one theory which says that their could be various other checks and measure that the government could have implemented instead of this policy.CONCLUSIONHence when we look at the above theories and the various aspects of the policy we can say that the policy could be avoided or thought more carefully about the various social political and economic effects to it before implementing it and the various economic and social theories also suggest that this policy sped up various changes which could be changed gradually. Hence the use of the authoritarian r ule could be avoided making the null hypothesis void as the changes required for population reduction could be acquired by various other methods and the authoritarian rule just added to go up the process which cause more ill than gain. The authoritarian rule not only changes the demographics but also affected the country socially and politically. Economic theories can be applied to non economic policies and should be added to a few as for overall developement and sucess of the policy one needs to see the various social, political and economic aspects and how the policy would affect it in its particular field.BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp//www.ushistory.org/gov/13a.asphttp//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/population/managing_population_rev3.shtmlhttp//www.unitedexplanations.org/blogs/china/2012/08/28/one-child-policy-in-china-pros-and-cons/http//thinkingchinese.com/preference-of-a-son-a-tendency-preserved-mainly-by-womensocial norm trim back http//www.economist.com/blogs/feastandfa mine/2013/03/chinas-one-child-policyprefernce theory http//psych.cf.ac.uk/esrcfertilitynetwork/pubs/PDR-Hakim.pdfchina background useful for why policy implementedhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1116810/lewins theory http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1653319/? pageboy=6malthus http//www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Malthus.htmlhttp//geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/malthus.htmhttp//cgge.aag.org/PopulationandNaturalResources1e/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10/CF_PopNatRes_Jan108.htmldemographic transition http//iple.cass.cn/upload/2012/03/d20120305105846273.pdfhttp//carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/05/china-s-one-child-policy-should-be-ended-quicklyone child policy step by step http//geographyfieldwork.com/ChinaDemographicTransition.htmhttp//www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/15/us-china-reform-idUSBRE9AE0BL20131115social norms https//www.c-changeprogram.org/sites/default/files/Gender_Norms_FP_Decision-Making_in_Tanzania_Oct_2009_FINAL.pdfhttps//www.spi.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin /documents/PDF/WP_61_Childbearing_preferences.pdfhttp//www.weeklystandard.com/articles/lost-girls_593650.html?page=2http//freakonomics.com/2011/11/04/the-academic-origins-of-chinas-one-child-policy/http//howmany.org/environmental_and_social_ills.phpsocial reasons for formulating policy http//www.bpastudies.org/bpastudies/article/view/21/50